Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis UL719 et la nisine : une nouvelle approche dans le traitement des infections à Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile est le microorganisme le plus fréquemment identifié dans les pathologies entériques pour des patients souffrants de coliques pseudomembraneuses et de diarrhées associées aux antibiotiques. Les drogues les plus communément utilisées pour traiter les maladies associées à C. difficile sont limitées au métronidazole et à la vancomycine puisque de nombreuses souches isolées cliniquement de C. difficile sont résistantes à de nombreux antibiotiques couramment utilisés pour traiter des infections à bactéries Gram positif. La recherche de nouveaux traitements pour limiter l’incidence de C. difficile demeure une urgence pour le secteur de la santé. L’usage de probiotiques, particulièrement de bactéries lactiques métaboliquement actives, a récemment été proposé à la communauté médicale comme une alternative. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette étude est d’évaluer la capacité de la bactérie lactique Lactococcus lactis UL719 et la nisine à inhiber C. difficile dans les conditions intestinales. Dans un premier temps, l’activité antibactérienne de la nisine contre des souches cliniques de C. difficile a montré que la nisine était active à des concentrations minimales d’inhibition comprises entre 0,8 et 51,2 µg/mL dépendamment des souches. De plus, la nisine est capable d’inhiber la germination des spores de C. difficile. Suite à ces résultats, la survie de la souche productrice de nisine, L. lactis UL719 et la stabilité physicochimique de la nisine ont été évaluées à l’aide d’un simulateur du tractus gastro-intestinal. Les résultats ont démontré la capacité de la souche productrice de nisine à survivre au tractus gastro-intestinal avec un taux de survie de 0,5 % et, malgré les conditions de stress gastro-intestinal, à garder la capacité à produire sa bactériocine. Par contre, la nisine seule perdait son activité antimicrobienne suite à son passage dans le duodénum. Finalement, quand l’activité antimicrobienne a été évaluée dans un modèle in vitro de fermentation colique simulant les conditions physiologiques intestinales, L. lactis UL719 n’a pas d’effet sur C. difficile mais la nisine a montré une inhibition totale de ce pathogène. Il a aussi été observé que la nisine avait un léger effet inhibant sur la population bactérienne à Gram-positif dans le modèle colique in vitro humain mais l’effet est temporaire.Clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The most common drugs used to treat diseases associated with C. difficile are limited to metronidazole and vancomycin since most clinically isolated C. difficile strains are resistant to many antibiotics currently used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. The search for new treatments to limit the impact of C. difficile becomes an urgent need for the health sector. The use of probiotics, particularly metabolically active lactic acid bacteria, was recently proposed as an alternative for the medical community. In this context, the aim of the study was to investigate the capacity of the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis UL719 and nisin to inhibit C. difficile in intestinal conditions. First, the antibacterial activity of nisin against clinical strains of C. difficile showed that it was active with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.8 and 51.2 µg/mL, depending on the strains. In addition, nisin was able to inhibit spore germination of C. difficile. Given these results, the survival of the nisin-producing strain, L. lactis UL719 and the physicochemical stability of nisin were evaluated using a simulator of the gastrointestinal tract. The results demonstrated the ability of the nisin producing strain to survive the gastrointestinal tract with a 0.5 % survival rate and, despite the conditions of gastrointestinal stress, to keep its ability to produce the bacteriocin. However, the nisin alone lost its antimicrobial activity after its passage through the duodenum. Finally, when the antimicrobial activity was evaluated in an in vitro model of colic fermentation simulating physiological intestinal conditions, L. lactis UL719 had no effect on C. difficile, but nisin showed a complete inhibition of this pathogen. It was also observed that nisin had a slight inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacterial population in the in vitro human colic model, but the effect was temporary

Species Identification and Profiling of Complex Microbial Communities Using Shotgun Illumina Sequencing of 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequences

The high throughput and cost-effectiveness afforded by short-read sequencing technologies, in principle, enable researchers to perform 16S rRNA profiling of complex microbial communities at unprecedented depth and resolution. Existing Illumina sequencing protocols are, however, limited by the fraction of the 16S rRNA gene that is interrogated and therefore limit the resolution and quality of the profiling. To address this, we present the design of a novel protocol for shotgun Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, optimized to capture more than 90% of sequences in the Greengenes database and with nearly twice the resolution of existing protocols. Using several in silico and experimental datasets, we demonstrate that despite the presence of multiple variable and conserved regions, the resulting shotgun sequences can be used to accurately quantify the diversity of complex microbial communities. The reconstruction of a significant fraction of the 16S rRNA gene also enabled high precision (>90%) in species-level identification thereby opening up potential application of this approach for clinical microbial characterization.Comment: 17 pages, 2 tables, 2 figures, supplementary materia

Hydrogen Storage in High Surface Area Carbon Nanotubes Produced by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Carbon nanotubes, mostly single- and double-walled, are prepared by a catalytic chemical vapor deposition method using H2-CH4 atmospheres with different CH4 contents. The maximum hydrogen storage at room temperatures and 10 MPa is 0.5 wt %. Contrary to expectations, purification of the carbon nanotube specimens by oxidative acid treatments or by heating in inert gas decreases the hydrogen storage. Decreasing the residual catalyst content does not necessarily lead to an increase in ASH. Moreover, increasing the specific surface area does not necessarily increase the hydrogen storage capacity. There seems to be a correlation between the pore volume at low pore diameters (<3 nm) and the hydrogen storage capacity. Contribution from nanoscale disordered carbon to the hydrogen storage cannot be ruled out

BACTIBASE second release: a database and tool platform for bacteriocin characterization

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>BACTIBASE is an integrated open-access database designed for the characterization of bacterial antimicrobial peptides, commonly known as bacteriocins.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>For its second release, BACTIBASE has been expanded and equipped with additional functions aimed at both casual and power users. The number of entries has been increased by 44% and includes data collected from published literature as well as high-throughput datasets. The database provides a manually curated annotation of bacteriocin sequences. Improvements brought to BACTIBASE include incorporation of various tools for bacteriocin analysis, such as homology search, multiple sequence alignments, Hidden Markov Models, molecular modelling and retrieval through our taxonomy Browser.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The provided features should make BACTIBASE a useful tool in food preservation or food safety applications and could have implications for the development of new drugs for medical use. BACTIBASE is available at <url>http://bactibase.pfba-lab-tun.org</url>.</p

Does Forced Solidarity Hamper Entrepreneurial Activity? Evidence from seven West-African Countries.

kinship; forced solidarity; social networks; informal sector; firm growth; West Africa;

The effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized controlled trial in Cote d'Ivoire.

BACKGROUND: Iron is essential for the growth and virulence of many pathogenic enterobacteria, whereas beneficial barrier bacteria, such as lactobacilli, do not require iron. Thus, increasing colonic iron could select gut microbiota for humans that are unfavorable to the host. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the effect of iron fortification on gut microbiota and gut inflammation in African children. DESIGN: In a 6-mo, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, 6-14-y-old Ivorian children (n = 139) received iron-fortified biscuits, which contained 20 mg Fe/d, 4 times/wk as electrolytic iron or nonfortifoed biscuits. We measured changes in hemoglobin concentrations, inflammation, iron status, helminths, diarrhea, fecal calprotectin concentrations, and microbiota diversity and composition (n = 60) and the prevalence of selected enteropathogens. RESULTS: At baseline, there were greater numbers of fecal enterobacteria than of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (P < 0.02). Iron fortification was ineffective; there were no differences in iron status, anemia, or hookworm prevalence at 6 mo. The fecal microbiota was modified by iron fortification as shown by a significant increase in profile dissimilarity (P < 0.0001) in the iron group as compared with the control group. There was a significant increase in the number of enterobacteria (P < 0.005) and a decrease in lactobacilli (P < 0.0001) in the iron group after 6 mo. In the iron group, there was an increase in the mean fecal calprotectin concentration (P < 0.01), which is a marker of gut inflammation, that correlated with the increase in fecal enterobacteria (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anemic African children carry an unfavorable ratio of fecal enterobacteria to bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which is increased by iron fortification. Thus, iron fortification in this population produces a potentially more pathogenic gut microbiota profile, and this profile is associated with increased gut inflammation. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN21782274

Regenerating islet-derived protein 3α : A promising therapy for diabetes. Preliminary data in rodents and in humans

Publisher Copyright: © 2022The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that administration of Regenerating islet-derived protein 3α (Reg3α), a protein described as having protective effects against oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity, could participate in the control of glucose homeostasis and potentially be a new target of interest in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. To that end the recombinant human Reg3α protein was administered for one month in insulin-resistant mice fed high fat diet. We performed glucose and insulin tolerance tests, assayed circulating chemokines in plasma and measured glucose uptake in insulin sensitive tissues. We evidenced an increase in insulin sensitivity during an oral glucose tolerance test in ALF-5755 treated mice vs controls and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CXCL5). We also demonstrated an increase in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Finally, correlation studies using human and mouse muscle biopsies showed negative correlation between intramuscular Reg3α mRNA expression (or its murine isoform Reg3γ) and insulin resistance. Thus, we have established the proof of concept that Reg3α could be a novel molecule of interest in the treatment of T2D by increasing insulin sensitivity via a skeletal muscle effect.Peer reviewe

Global Analysis of Circulating Immune Cells by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Background: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is currently used in microbiological diagnosis to characterize bacterial populations. Our aim was to determine whether this technique could be applied to intact eukaryotic cells, and in particular, to cells involved in the immune response. Methodology/Principal Findings: A comparison of frozen monocytes, T lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes revealed specific peak profiles. We also found that twenty cell types had specific profiles, permitting the establishment of a cell database. The circulating immune cells, namely monocytes, T lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells, were distinct from tissue immune cells such as monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. In addition, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was valuable to easily identify the signatures of monocytes and T lymphocytes in peripheral mononuclear cells. Conclusions/Significance: This method was rapid and easy to perform, and unlike flow cytometry, it did not require any additional components such as specific antibodies. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry approach could be extended t